Mini-Lecture
Paralinguistic Features of Language
In face-to-face communication speakers often alter their tomes of voice or change their physical postures in order to convey messages. These means are called paralinguistic features of language, which fall into two categories.
I. First category: vocal paralinguistic features
A. (1)__________: to express attitude or intention
B. Examples
1. whispering: need for secrecy
2. breathiness: deep emotion
3. (2)_________: unimportance
4. nasality: anxiety
5. extra lip-rounding: greater intimacy
II. Second category: physical paralinguistic features
A. facial expressions
1. (3)_______
----- smiling: signal of pleasure or welcome
2. less common expressions
----- eye brow raising: surprise or interest
----- lip biting: (4)________
B. gesture
Gestures are related to culture.
1. British culture
----- shrugging shoulders: (5) ________
----- scratching head: puzzlement
2. other cultures
----- placing hand upon heart:(6)_______
----- pointing at nose: secret
C. proximity, posture and echoing
1. proximity: physical distance between speakers
----- closeness: intimacy or threat
----- (7)_______: formality or absence of interest
Proximity is person-, culture- and (8)________ -specific.
2. posture
----- hunched shoulders or a hanging head: to indicate(9)_____
----- direct level eye contact: to express an open or challenging attitude
3. echoing
----- definition: imitation of similar posture
----- (10)______: aid in communication
----- conscious imitation: mockery
Interview 1
According to Dr Johnson, diversity means
A. merging of different cultural identities.
B. more emphasis on homogeneity.
C. embracing of more ethnic differences.
D. acceptance of more branches of Christianity.
Interview 2
According to the interview, which of the following statements in CORRECT?
A. Some places are more diverse than others.
B. Towns are less diverse than large cities.
C. Diversity can be seen everywhere.
D. American is a truly diverse country.
Interview 3
According to Dr Johnson, which place will witness a radical change in its racial makeup by 2025?
A. Maine
B. Selinsgrove
C. Philadelphia
D. California
Interview 4
During the interview Dr Johnson indicates that
A. greater racial diversity exists among younger populations.
B. both older and younger populations are racially diverse.
C. age diversity could lead to pension problems.
D. older populations are more racially diverse.
Interview 5
According to the interview, religious diversity
A. was most evident between 1990 and 2000.
B. exists among Muslim immigrants.
C. is restricted to certain places in the US.
D. is spreading to more parts of the country.
News 6
What is the main idea of the news item?
A. Sony developed a computer chip for cell phones.
B. Japan will market its wallet phone abroad.
C. The wallet phone is one of the wireless innovations.
D. Reader devices are available at stores and stations.
News 7
Which of the following is mentioned as the government’s measure to control inflation?
A. Foreign investment.
B. Donor support.
C. Price control.
D. Bank prediction.
News 8
According to Kingdom Bank, what is the current inflation rate in Zimbabwe?
A. 20 million percent.
B. 2.2 million percent.
C. 11.2 million percent.
D. Over 11.2 million percent.
News 9
Which of the following is CORRECT?
A. A big fire erupted on the Nile River.
B. Helicopters were used to evacuate people.
C. Five people were taken to hospital for burns.
D. A big fire took place on two floors.
News 10
The likely cause of the big fire is
A. electrical short-cut.
B. lack of fire-safety measures.
C. terrorism.
D. not known.
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